ABO Blood Type and Metabolic Markers in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Aims: To evaluate the effect of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus on the function and metabolic changes, as well as the relationship of the virus with blood groups. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study included a matched sample of adult individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 114) or without (controls; n = 236). Blood samples were collected and processed for triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood typing analysis. The results showed that subjects with COVID-19 had higher TG and lower HDL-C levels compared with the control group. As for blood typing, the risk of COVID-19 was higher in subjects with blood group A than in those with blood group B and in those with other blood groups. In addition, an association of COVID-19 with blood type and Rh A- was observed. When related to the severity of COVID-19 symptoms, blood type A was more protective against moderate/severe symptoms compared with blood type O. In addition, individuals with blood type O were 2.90 times more likely to have symptoms moderate/severe symptoms of COVID-19 than those with other blood groups and individuals with type A blood were less likely to have severe/moderate symptoms of COVID-19 compared with individuals without type A blood. Conclusion: The results suggest that blood type may play a role in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and add evidence that infection with the novel coronavirus may be associated with changes in lipid metabolism.

Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.

This study aimed at evaluating the treatment effects with ketamine, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), escitalopram, alone or in combination in adult rats of both sexes, subjected to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). All groups were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST), splash and open field tests. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum were collected to analyze oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. MD induced depressive-like behavior in the FST test in males and reduced grooming time in male and female rats. The treatments alone or combined reversed depressive and anhedonic behavior in females. In males, all treatments increased grooming time, except for ECS + escitalopram + ketamine. MD increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, nitrite/nitrate concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females. However, the treatment's response was sex dependent. Catalase activity decreased in the PFC of males and the PFC and hippocampus of females, and most treatments were not able to reverse it. MD increased the inflammation biomarkers levels in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females, and most treatments were able to reverse this increase. In all groups, a reduction in the interleukin-10 levels in the PFC and hippocampus of female and male rats was observed. Our study shows different responses between the sexes in the patterns evaluated and reinforces the use of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to early stress and in the response of the therapeutic strategies used.

Intervalos de tempo para processamento de materiais consignados de prótese total de quadril / Processing time of loaner items for total hip replacement / Intervalos de tiempo para el procesamiento de materiales consignados para prótesis total de cadera

Objetivo: Estimar os intervalos de tempo envolvidos no reprocessamento de materiais consignados temporários de prótese total de quadril em um centro de material e esterilização de um hospital privado de São Paulo (SP). Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo, de campo, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta de 41 processamentos de materiais consignados. Os intervalos de tempo foram registrados com auxílio de cronômetro digital, hora inicial e final de cada atividade. O cálculo amostral foi estimado com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: O tempo total do processamento teve mediana de 10 horas, o tempo efe-tivo total foi de 4,9 horas e o intervalo de tempo entre o fim do reprocessamento e o horário da cirurgia foi de 4,7 horas de antecedência. Houve cancelamento de uma cirurgia em virtude do atraso na entrega do material. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa foram mensurados os tempos de reprocessamento de materiais consignados, sendo mantido o rigor metodológico em todas as etapas, com estimativas que respeitaram o intervalo de confiança, o que faz deste estudo passível de reprodução. Sugere-se que profissionais de outras instituições realizem tais mensurações, de modo que permitam a construção de indicadores, auxiliando enfermeiros na tomada de decisão.

Objective: To estimate the time intervals necessary to reprocess loaner items for total hip replacement in a sterile processing department of a private hospital in São Paulo (SP). Method: This is an exploratory, descriptive field study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 41 processing cycles for loaner items. Intervals were recorded using a digital stopwatch, including the start and end times of each activity. Sample calculation was estimated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Median total processing time was 10 hours, total effective time was 4.9 hours, and the interval between the end of reprocessing and the time of surgery was 4.7 hours in advance. One surgery was canceled due to delayed delivery of the item. Conclusions: This study measured the reprocessing times of loaner items, maintaining the methodological rigor at all stages, with estimates that respected the confidence interval, making this investigation reproduci-ble. We suggest that professionals from other facilities perform these measurements to allow the construction of indicators that can help nurses in decision-making.

Objetivo: Estimar los intervalos de tiempo involucrados en el reprocesamiento de materiales consignados temporalmente para reemplazo total de cadera en un Centro de Material y Esterilización de un hospital privado de São Paulo. Método: Estudio de campo exploratorio-descriptivo con enfoque cuantita-tivo. La muestra consistió en 41 procesamientos de materiales consignados. Los intervalos de tiempo se registraron con la ayuda de un cronómetro digital, hora de inicio y finalización de cada actividad. El cálculo del tamaño de la muestra se estimó con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El tiempo total de procesamiento tuvo una mediana de 10 horas; el tiempo efectivo total fue de 4,9 horas y el intervalo de tiempo entre el final del reprocesamiento y el momento de la cirugía fue de 4,7 horas antes. Se canceló una cirugía debido al retraso en la entrega del material. Conclusión: En esta investigación se midieron los tiem-pos de reprocesamiento de los materiales consignados, manteniendo el rigor metodológico en todas las etapas, con estimaciones que respetaron el intervalo de confianza, haciendo este estudio susceptible de reproducción. Se sugiere que profesionales de otras instituciones realicen dichas mediciones, de manera que per-mitan la construcción de indicadores, ayudando a las enfermeras en la toma de decisiones.

Behavior and oxidative stress parameters in rats subjected to the animal's models induced by chronic mild stress and 6-hydroxydopamine.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness also affecting older adults. Recent evidence suggests a relationship between MDD and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Individuals with PD have a predisposition to developing MDD, and both neurobiological conditions are associated with oxidative stress. Thus, we conducted this study to investigate depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress parameters using both animal models of PD and stress. Adult Wistar rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol by 40 days and then it was used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a model of PD, into the striatum. The experimental groups were: Control + Sham, Stress + Sham, Control+6-OHDA, and Stress+6-OHDA. Depressive like-behavior was evaluated by the forced swimming test (FST) and spontaneous locomotor activity by open-field test. Oxidative stress parameters were measured in the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results showed effects to increase immobility and decrease climbing times in the FST in Stress + Sham, Control+6-OHDA, and Stress+6-OHDA groups. The number of crossings and rearings were decreased in the Stress+6-OHDA group. The lipid peroxidation was increased in the PFC of Stress + Sham, and the hippocampus and striatum of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups. Carbonyl protein levels increased in the PFC of Stress + Sham and striatum in Control+6-OHDA. Nitrite/Nitrate concentration was elevated in the PFC of Stress + Sham, in the hippocampus of Control+6-OHDA, the striatum of Stress + Sham, and Control+6-OHDA groups. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased in the PFC and hippocampus of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups. The activity of catalase decreased in the PFC of the Stress + Sham group. The activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased in the PFC of the Stress + Sham group, in the hippocampus of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups, and the striatum of Control+6-OHDA group. These findings suggest that both stress and 6-OHDA induce depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress in the brain. The joining models have little evidence of the effects. Thus these findings suggest that other pathways are involved in the common point of the pathophysiology of PD and MDD.

Ketamine treatment protects against oxidative damage and the immunological response induced by electroconvulsive therapy.

BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often recommended for major depressive disorder (MDD) for those who do not respond to the first and second antidepressant trials. A combination of two therapies could improve antidepressant efficacy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ECT combined to antidepressants with a different mechanism of action. METHODS: Rats were treated once a day, for five days with ketamine (5 mg/kg), fluoxetine (1 mg/kg), and bupropion (4 mg/kg) alone or in combination with ECT (1 mA; 100 V). After, oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated in the serum. RESULTS: ECT alone increased lipid peroxidation in the PFC and hippocampus. In the PFC of rats treated with ECT in combination with fluoxetine and bupropion, and in the hippocampus of rats treated with ECT combined with ketamine and bupropion there was a reduction in the lipid peroxidation. The nitrite/nitrate was increased by ECT alone but reverted by combination with ketamine in the hippocampus. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased by ECT and maintained by fluoxetine and bupropion in the PFC. ECT alone increased interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and the administration of ketamine was able to revert this increase showing a neuroprotective effect of this drug when in combination with ECT. CONCLUSION: The treatment with ECT leads to an increase in oxidative damage and alters the immunological system. The combination with ketamine was able to protect against oxidative damage and the immunological response induced by ECT.

Cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes politraumatizados atendidos na emergência / Nursing care for politraumatized patients served in emergency / Atención de enfermería para pacientes politraumatizados atendidos en emergencia

Objetiva-se a reconhecer os cuidados desenvolvidos pelos profissionais de enfermagem no serviço de emergência de um hospital geral do Alto Vale do Itajaí, do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, durante a assistência prestada aos indivíduos vítimas de politraumatismo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, de campo, de caráter descritivo. Fizeram parte dos sujeitos da pesquisa 07 Enfermeiros lotados no setor de emergência. Após análise exaustiva dos dados, estes foram organizados em 3 categorias: Principais Cuidados dos Profissionais de Enfermagem na Atenção ao Trauma Múltiplo; Instrumentos Utilizados que Norteiam a Prática; e Aquisição de Conhecimento do Enfermeiro em Torno do Trauma. Verificou-se que o tempo de atendimento na instituição pesquisada ultrapassa na maioria das vezes os 60 minutos, não sendo possível prestar todos os cuidados recomendados nesse tempo crítico conhecido mundialmente como Golden Hour, e constatamos que nem todos os profissionais de enfermagem atendem totalmente o que é preconizado em protocolos como o ABCDE do trauma, legislações vigentes, e a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem que é um método cientifico utilizado pelo enfermeiro para guiar o seu cuidado, este método é realizado pulando etapas ou de forma informal. (AU)

It aims to recognize the care provided by nursing professionals in the emergency service of a general hospital in Alto Vale do Itajaí, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the care provided to individuals who are victims of multiple trauma. This is a qualitative, field, descriptive study. The study subjects were 07 Nurses assigned to the emergency department. After exhaustive analysis of the data, they were organized into 3 categories: Main Care of Nursing Professionals in Attention to Multiple Trauma; Instruments Used to Guide the Practice; and Acquisition of Nurses' Knowledge Around Trauma. It was found that the time of attendance at the researched institution in most cases exceeds 60 minutes, not being possible to provide all the care recommended in this critical time known worldwide as Golden Hour, and we found that not all nursing professionals fully attend to what it is recommended in protocols such as the ABCDE of trauma, current legislation, and the systematization of nursing care, which is a scientific method used by nurses to guide their care, this method is performed skipping steps or informally.(AU)

Su objetivo es reconocer la atención brindada por los profesionales de enfermería en el servicio de emergencia de un hospital general en Alto Vale do Itajaí, en el estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, durante la atención brindada a las personas que son víctimas de múltiples traumas. Este es un estudio cualitativo, de campo, descriptivo. Los sujetos del estudio fueron 07 enfermeras asignadas al departamento de emergencias. Después de un análisis exhaustivo de los datos, se organizaron en 3 categorías: Atención principal de los profesionales de enfermería en atención al trauma múltiple; Instrumentos utilizados para guiar la práctica; y Adquisición del conocimiento de las enfermeras sobre el trauma. Se descubrió que el tiempo de asistencia a la institución investigada en la mayoría de los casos excede los 60 minutos, no siendo posible brindar toda la atención recomendada en este momento crítico conocido mundialmente como Hora Dorada, y descubrimos que no todos los profesionales de enfermería atienden completamente lo que Se recomienda en protocolos como el ABCDE de trauma, la legislación actual y la sistematización de la atención de enfermería, que es un método científico utilizado por las enfermeras para guiar su atención, este método se realiza omitiendo pasos o de manera informal.(AU)

Acute treatment with ketamine and chronic treatment with minocycline exert antidepressant-like effects and antioxidant properties in rats subjected different stressful events.

Despite decades of research, the fundamental neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the major depressive disorder (MDD) are still poorly understood, and current antidepressant treatments have limited clinical efficacy. In clinical conditions, the rapprochement between the disease and the corrective actions of drugs in laboratory animals is essential for developing effective therapies. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant effects of ketamine (N-metil-d-asparte (NMDA) receptor antagonist), minocycline (tetracycline antibiotic), and amitriptyline (classical antidepressant), on behavior and oxidative stress parameters in animals submitted to the chronic mild stress (CMS) and maternal deprivation protocols. For this aim, male Wistar rats were submitted to maternal deprivation or CMS. To induce maternal deprivation, Wistar rats were deprived of maternal care during the first 10 days of life. To induce CMS, Wistar rats were submitted to the CMS for 40 days. To reverse the effects of stress, treatment was done intraperitoneally with a single dose of ketamine (15 mg/kg), and minocycline (25 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) by 20 days. After treatment, the animals were submitted to the forced swimming test and then analyzed oxidative stress parameters in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Treatment with ketamine, minocycline and amitriptyline were able to exert antidepressant effects in the forced swimming test. However, these antidepressant effects were dependent on the stress model by which the animals were exposed. In certain brain regions some treatment strategies had a pro-oxidant effect. Though, most of the strategies used in this study had antioxidant effects, as reported by a decrease on protein and lipid damage, nitrite/nitrate concentration and myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, an increase in the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activities were also evident after treatments. In conclusion, the antidepressant effects of ketamine and minocycline, in the present study, may be associated, at least in part, with its antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in animals subjected to maternal deprivation or CMS.